Laravel

Requirements

• PHP 7.1.3 (as of Laravel 5.6)
• OpenSSL extension
• PDO extension
• MBstring extension
• Tokenizer extension
• XML extension
• Ctype extension
• JSON extension

Projects

Create a new project by running:

composer create-project --prefer-dist laravel/laravel blog

General

./vendor/bin/phpunit runs all unit tests (tests/*Test.php).

Database credentials and other configuration goes in .env.

All variables set in .env will be loaded into the $_ENV superglobal and are also available via the env helper: env('APP_DEBUG', false). The second parameter is the default, which will be returned if no environment variable exists for the given key.

Run php artisan config:cache as part of production deployment.

php artisan migrate will turn PHP schema into a database.

Default text field sizes will break on MariaDB <= 10.2.1 and MySQL <= 5.7.6 due to the number of bytes used for each character. Upgrade to a supported version or add the following to app/Providers/AppServiceProviders.php:

<?php

use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Schema;

public function boot()
{
  Schema::defaultStringLength(191);
}

The default character set used by Laravel from 5.4 onwards is utf8mb4. Basically the maximum length of a key is 767 bytes, and if 4 bytes are used per character then this effectively limits key strings to 191 characters.

Returning a database query from a route casts it to JSON.

dd($var) dumps $var and then calls die().

Use the route() helper instead of url() to refer to routes.

Route groups allow you to group routes together and share configuration settings without having to repeat them for each route.

Parameterised subdomain routing can be used for multitenancy sites where each client gets its own subdomain:

Route::group(['domain' => '{client}.example.org'], function() {
  Route::get('/', function($client) {

    });
  Route::get('/users/{$id}', function($client, $id) {

    });
});

Routing

Simple route definitions can be implemented by using closures, e.g.

Route::get('/about', function() {
  return 'About';
});

However, this can become unwieldy for large sites. Applications using closures also cannot take advantage of Laravel's route caching.

A common alternative to closures is to pass the name and method of a controller as a string:

Route::get('/about', 'WelcomeController@about');

This would call the about method of the App\Http\Controllers\WelcomeController controller.

Regular expressions can be set for parameters:

Route::get('users/{id}', function ($id) {
})->where('id', '[0-9]+');

Routes are matched top to bottom, so more specific regular expressions should be defined first.

Routes can be grouped, which allows common configuration settings to be defined once.

All defined routes can be listed by running:

php artisan route:list

Routes can be cached by running:

php artisan route:cache

However, from now on Laravel will only look at the cache, so you must run the above command each time you make any changes to the routing file.

Controllers

Create a controller by running:

php artisan make:controller PagesController

This will create a file:

app/Http/Controllers/PagesController.php

Add methods such as:

public function about()
{
  return view('about');
}

Route them:

Route::get('/about', 'PagesController@about')

Create a resource controller with:

php artisan make:controller TasksController --resource

This will add methods such as index, create etc.

You can build routes for all these resources like so:

Route::resource('tasks', 'TasksController');

`php artisan route:list` will list all of your routes.

1. 1. Views

Views are stored under: `resources/views`.

1. 1. Eloquent

Eloquent is Laravel's Active Record implementation.

1. 1. 1. Database

Migrations define the modifications which should be run when making the migration

• up* and *down*. Migrations are run in order of date ascending, hence filenames

like `2017_01_01_00000_create_tasks_table.php`.

Modifying or dropping a column requires `doctrine/dbal`.

When using SQLite, you can only drop or modify one column per migration closure.

`php artisan migrate` runs all outstanding migrations. Laravel keeps track of which migrations have already been run.

`php artisan migrate:reset` rolls back all database migrations.

`php artisan migrate:status` shows the status of each migration, i.e. whether it has been run or not.

`php artisan migrate --seed` will run a seeder along with the migration.

1. 1. Artisan

`php artisan make:model Club -m` creates a model with a migration.

`php artisan make:controller ClubsController --resource`

1. 1. tinker

`php artisan tinker` is a command line tool which allows you to run queries.

1. 1. File locations

Models: `app/Club.php`

Controllers: `app/Http/Controllers/ClubsController.php`

1. 1. Templates

By default Laravel supports PHP templates and its own templating system called Blade. For developers who prefer Twig, the [TwigBridge](https://github.com/rcrowe/TwigBridge) component provides a bridge which allows files ending `.twig` to be loaded automatically.

1. 1. 1. Blade

Defaults can be provided if a variable is not set: `Template:$title or 'Default'`